ICE3X review

ICE3X Exchange Review Centralized ICE3X Overview. Local/Regional Exchange - cannot be rated at this time. ICE3X, which is also known as iceCUBED, is a centralized cryptocurrency exchange from South Africa that was established in December 2013. Its founder is Gareth Gobler, who has 14 years of experience in IT infrastructure and Architecture development. The vision of ICE3X seems to be to provide the best cryptocurrency trading platform in South Africa, therefore it has more of a regional. This review of iCE3 consists of four parts: general information, fees, deposit methods and security. General Information iCE3 (also known as iceCUBED exchange or iceCUBED bitcoin exchange, and formerly iCE 3 X) is a cryptocurrency exchange from South Africa Ice3x.co.za trading platform doesn't charge different fees between takers and makers. Their fee model is instead something called a flat fee model. The flat trading fee is 0.50%. 0.50% is roughly twice the global industry average. The global industry average is arguably around 0.25%. Any prospective investor should consider whether this exchange has a strong offering to investors in other respects that outweighs the disadvantage of this somewhat higher trading fee Consistency is always welcome. But consistently good needs to be celebrated. I have been a member of Ice3X for about 4 years now. 1. They are honest 2. They give up to date information 3. They are secure 4. All transactions are on time - My best attribut Please review your experience with Ice3x. We are particularly interested in: Customer support experiences; Ease of deposits and withdrawls; KYC/AML procedures; The buying and selling process; Overall ease of use; Note: please do not link to external URLs, promote other exchanges, or shill in any way, as these reviews will be marked as spam

ICE3X Review and Analysis: Is it safe or a scam? We've

1. Ice3x is rather market limited due to its regional focus and mostly suited to frequent trading of these currency pairs. The fee structure is transparent and the trading engine delivers. The Ice3x platform is simple, straightforward and easy to use, while the layout of the trading interface is intuitive
2. This article is intended to educate and should in no way be seen as investment advice or an enticement to use the ice3x.com platform. Bitcoin is highly volatile with big profit opportunities but you should also remember that you could lose part or all of your investment whenever you take part in any high risk investment. Bitcoin trading is not a regulated industry in South Africa, which in itself carries additional risks. IF YOU ARE NOT AN ASTUTE BITCOIN TRADER, SEEK INDEPENDENT.
3. A good Hyip pools the money from its investors and uses the money to invest into these various projects while the investors get a share of the profit within a specified period of time.Some Hyips pay interest hourly, daily, weekly or monthly. Those that pay hourly are scams and are considered to be Ponzi Schemes
4. Disclosure: To ensure our site's review data always stays free & running up to date, sometimes we might receive a small commission if the reader purchases through our site links, at zero additional cost. The content published on this website is not aimed to give any kind of financial, investment, trading, or any other form of advice. BitDegree.org does not endorse or suggest you to buy, sell.

iCE3 - Reviews, Trading Fees & Cryptos (2021) Cryptowisse

Ice3x Pros. Security: With all of their funds in cold storage, 2FA and their manual processing of withdrawals, their security is quite impressive. Nigeria support: Ice3x is one of the very few cryptocurrency exchanges that lets you trade Bitcoin for Nairas ICE3X - A bunch of fraudsters. I regitered and account with ICE3X.COM and deposited (Direct EFT) a large sum of cash into their FNB account from my FNB account on the 15/12/17. They have taken my money, blocked my account and ignore my emails. Its been a month now since my deposit. They have declined the attemp of an EFT reversal from FNB Quick iCE3X review. iCE3X is a very popular cryptocurrency exchange, especially in South Africa. The exchange offers Advanced order, three different trading interfaces, and realtime charts. What's more, iceCUBED exchange users can receive demo tokens, individual trading fee discount plans, volume-based fee discounts, and a lucrative affiliate system ICE3X is a South African bitcoin exchange that has quietly expanded across Africa over the past few years. Find out everything you need to know about ICE3X today in our review. What Is ICE3X? ICE3X is a bitcoin exchange based in South Africa. The exchange offers particularly strong liquidity in the BTC/ZAR pair, but also BTC/GBP and BTC/NGN trading, both of which have good volume The fees indicated on ICE³X's website at the time of writing of the current review are, as follows: BTC estimated @0.0004BTC, LTC estimated @0.005LTC, ETH is already enabled on the new fees schedule and current withdrawal fee is 0.5% (min 0.001ETH). Probably the best payment option with ICE³X is Naira transfer using VoguePay wallet, for which there are no deposit or withdrawal fees. On the.

When it involves ICE3x customer reviews, there is mine - qualified developers, most reviews are positive, reasonable exchange costs, reliable volume plus excellent aff program. Muh my 2 satoshis. 0 ∼. Report Spam Comment Report Fake Comment. Athena There is also a flat maintenance fee of only R10 per month, making the iCE3 Crypto Debit Card an attractively affordable way to spend your cryptocurrency in the real world. Users can currently pre. Ice3x exchange 24 uur trading volume is €0.000000 (0.000000 BTC) Ice3x is sinds n/a actief en is gevestigd in South Africa ICE3X is most popular in South Africa but has also added support for the Nigerian market since in 2015. It was one of the first bitcoin exchanges to operate in Nigeria. Trade fees on iceCUBED exchange range from 0 to 0.5 percent and are dynamic based on your trading volume

Ice3x.co.za Cryptocurrency Review : Doesn't Charge ..

1. Firstcoin Club Firstcoin price Firstcoin Academy First coin cryptocurrency Firstcoin maroc frstcoin Firstcoin project Firstcoin avi
2. We will be redirecting the ice3.com homepage URL to https://ice3x.co.za/status-update/ As always we can still be reached via help.ice3.com or email us [email protected] (please be conscious of the fact that staff are operating under extreme pressure at the moment, and can only provide assistance as directed. We understand your frustration but please be respectful when communicating with service desk staff
3. s I logged a ticket. 2.) Nobody has replied to said ticket. 3.) There's now a banner stating there's an issue with.
4. Ice3x Review . Ice3x has $235 640,9396 trading volume in last 24 hours. Ice3x was registered in South Africa. There are 22 trading pairs are traded on Ice3x. Q&A For Ice3x Exchange. What is the trading volume on Ice3x? Ice3x has $235 640,9396 trading volume. In which country is Ice3x registered? Ice3x registered in South Africa. How many trading pairs are traded on Ice3x? 22 trading pairs are.
5. ICE3X is a South African bitcoin exchange that has quietly expanded across Africa over the past few years. Find out everything you need to know about ICE3X today in our review. What Is ICE3X? ICE3X is a bitcoin exchange based in South Africa. The exchange offers particularly strong liquidity in the BTC/ZAR pair, but also BTC/GBP and BTC/NGN trading, both of which have good volume. iCE3X users.
6. ICE3X is a South African platform that pursues a commitment to offering clients the best opportunity to trade cryptocurrencies with fiat currency. It integrates different partners, including financial institutions, wallets, merchant services, custodial services , cryptocurrency exchange platform providers, scratch cards, and insurance to deliver an ecosystem around its platform

Ice3X Reviews Contact Ice3X - Other - 0 TrustIndex

Ice3x is a centralized cryptocurrency exchange located in South Africa. There are 0 coins and 0 trading pairs on the exchange. Ice3x volume in the last 24 hours is reported to be at ₿0.00. More information about Ice3x exchange can be found at https://ice3x.com/. Address Major news headlines hit the crypto scene this week. The crypto market cap hit a new all-time high of $2 trillion and long-standing South African digital asset exchange, ICE3X, ceases its operations. To learn about this and other stories, keep reading. Crypto Market Cap Hits $2T On April 6, 2021, the total crypto market capitalisation [ ICE3X has launched Nigeria's first bitcoin exchange, opening up a potentially huge market for the digital currency in Africa's most populous country All of the reviews online about us is the true and honest opinion of the writers of said reviews. iCE3X does not engage in fake reviews or comments but we enjoy a very loyal fanbase. We have plenty of great reviews and comments, and we have our valued customers to thank for those. We do not pay for paid articles, just to be popular You will not find a featured or sponsored article about. The First Network Crypto-Currency Project With Exchange Rate Protection Program That Connects And Supports Startups

Ice3x, which is one of the crypto trading platforms in South Africa, has reportedly suspended all crypto trading activities. Though the suspension was implemented on 16 th March, however, till to date, the suspension has not been lifted. Ice3x complained that it has found several discrepancies as well as deficiencies in its balance sheet. It. Not only does ICE3X give traders access to most major cryptocurrencies but also it has competitive fees and in-depth analysis of your account. For its price, AltcoinTrader doesn't really offer a lot. Altcoin Trader Review:The Conclusion. So which exchange is right for you? It really depends on what kind of cryptocurrency trader you are going. A South African crypto exchange, Ice3x, suspended trading on its platform on March 16 after noting discrepancies in balances of bitcoin and litecoin held on the platform. At the time of writing, the exchange had not revealed the cause of the mismatches in balances or when it expects trading to resume South African Exchange Ice3x Shuts Down. One of South Africa's oldest exchanges, Ice3x, has announced that it is closing down. Ice3x had halted withdrawals weeks ago after finding a discrepancy in its BTC and LTC holdings. South African crypto exchange Ice3x announced this week that it is to shut its doors three weeks after halting bitcoin. ICE3X. ICE3X is most popular in South Africa but has also added support for the Nigerian market since in 2015. It was one of the first bitcoin exchanges to operate in Nigeria.. Trade fees on iceCUBED exchange range from 0 to 0.5 percent and are dynamic based on your trading volume. Deposits can be made to the platform via bank transfer

Ice3x Review(s) - Customer Opinions & Crypto Exchange Rating

1. Native crypto-currency alternate iCE3X claims it has a scarcity of Bitcoin and Litecoin, with the corporate saying it'll take the Sunday, May 30, 2021 CRYPTO INF
2. South African cryptocurrency exchange Ice3x announced on 16. March suspended trading on its platform after it discovered anomalies in bitcoin and litecoin balances on the platform. At the time of writing, the exchange has not disclosed the reason for the balance sheet differences or when it expects trading to resume
3. ICE3X. ICE3X is a South African Cryptocurrency Exchange that offers Crypto to South African Rand (ZAR) and Crypto to Crypto pairs. This means that community members can make direct bank deposits with South African Rands (ZAR) to buy Bitcoin and other Cryptocurrencies. Alternatively members can also make direct deposits using Cryptocurrencies to.
4. ICE3X Launches Crypto Debit Card For South Africa. Popular South African cryptocurrency exchange, ICE3X, launched a crypto debit card this week. The new cards may come as a Mastercard or Visa card, depending on the user's preference. Exchange users in South Africa can order a card for an R250 one-off fee. The new crypto debit card will come with the following fees: Swipe & Spend: Free. Cash.
5. In march to june 2018 I gave away 4 Ledger Nano S hardware wallets to say Thank You to everyone for making this site a great place on the internet. I personally bought the Nanos and gave them away in stages. All Nanos are now off and away. Congrats to Ugur G. in Australia, Christiaan D. in South Africa, Peter S. in Sweden and Anna J. in Tanzania

Ice3x.com Exchange Review, Live Prices, Trade Volume, Fees ..

• Crypto Exchange List. In a time where digital transaction is starting to take over the financial industry, it's only normal to expect the emergence of a digital money that bypasses any transactional fee and delayed processing time
• The objective of iCE3X is to offer clients the best service to buy and sell (trade) cryptocurrencies and fiat pairs on a trusted exchange by integrating with numerous business partners including a cryptocurrency exchange platform provider, financial institutions, merchant services, wallets, custodial services, insurance, and scratch cards in order to build an ecosystem around the iCE3 platform
• Local crypto-currency exchange iCE3X claims it has a shortage of Bitcoin and Litecoin, with the company saying it will take the platform offline.. Founded in 2013, iCE3X deals with digital currencies such as Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum, Dogecoin and Dash, among others. It has come to our attention that there are discrepancies in the balances pertaining to Bitcoin and Litecoin we hold on the.

In-Depth Cardano Review! All questions are revealed! iCE3

1. Ice3x vs Luno, which is better? Comparing Ice Cubed vs Luno exchanges, these are both great options for buying, selling or trading Bitcoin, and other cryptocurrencies, but come with their different strengths. Whilst Luno may work for you, the Ice Cubed (ICE³X!) exchange may have features that suit someone else better. This simplified breakdown of some of the key features and differences.
2. Ice3x Daily Performance. Ice3x is a cryptoasset exchange located in South Africa. Their volume over the last 24 hours is $6.94M. They have 23 markets, with the most popular markets (trading pairs) being XRP /ZAR, XRP / BTC, and BNB / BTC. The exchange is rated D which means Poor. Out of 426 exchanges, they are ranked #244 by.
3. ICE3X is a South African Cryptocurrency Exchange that offers Crypto to South African Rand (ZAR) and Crypto to Crypto pairs. This means that community members can make direct bank deposits with South African Rands (ZAR) to buy Bitcoin and other Cryptocurrencies. Alternatively members can also make direct deposits using Cryptocurrencies to trade for any of the
4. Ice3x bitcoin US-investors should as always still do their ice3x bitcoin own independent assessment of any problems arising
5. ICE3x was one of South Africa's oldest cryptocurrency exchanges and was the In the years since, he has published over 2,000 articles — a mix of breaking news, reviews, helpful how-tos, industry analysis, and more. | Open DM on Twitter @TMMutisi. Twitter Facebook Linkedin Email. Related Posts. Uganda Airlines Will Commence Direct Flights To South Africa Most common Bitcoin myths busted.
6. ICE3X has decided to find a homegrown solution by producing the crypto debit cards locally. In an email to Wivacoin, Etsebeth said the cards are manufactured in South Africa.. However, he was not at liberty to disclose the number of crypto debit cards they exchange is expecting to manufacture as the estimates are still confidential
7. Buy Cardano and sell Cardano (ADA) from a trusted South African exchange with local support and worldwide credibility | iCE3X. Cardano Home » Cardano. Cardano is a decentralised public blockchain and cryptocurrency project and is fully open source. Cardano is developing a smart contract platform which seeks to deliver more advanced features than any protocol previously developed. It is the.

Best Investment Review Website Coinworldstor

iCE3X (iceCUBED exchange) is a South African based trading platform that allows you to trade cryptocurrency with the Rand or Naira. In this article, we review iCE3X and provide a guide on how to use the platform. This review includes the origin of iCE3X, a platform overview, exchange fees, verification requirements, and frequently asked question iCE3X Exchange Review And Guide #ICE3X #SouthAfrica #Tradin

Reviews. Videos. Photos. About. Community. See more of ICE3X Gaming- on Facebook. Log In. or. Create New Account. See more of ICE3X Gaming- on Facebook. Log In. Forgot account? or. Create New Account. Not Now. Community See All. 349 people like this. 370 people follow this. About See All +63 916 261 3840. Contact ICE3X Gaming- on Messenger . Gaming Video Creator. Page Transparency See More. secure code review; About Us; Sign Up. ice3x v0.2.7. Ice3x Crypto Currency Exchanage Python API. PyPI. README. GitHub. MIT. Latest version published 9 months ago. pip install ice3x. Explore Similar Packages. luno 42 / 100; Package Health Score. 53 / 100. ICE3X Review and Analysis: Is it safe or a scam. Cointelligence.com DA: 22 PA: 22 MOZ Rank: 46. ICE3X Exchange Review ICE3X Overview Local/Regional Exchange - cannot be rated at this time; ICE3X, which is also known as iceCUBED, is a centralized cryptocurrency exchange from South Africa that was established in December 2013 Despite this, SARS stated that for the 2018 annual budget review, VAT treatment for crypto assets will go under review. Cryptocurrency exchange platform in South Africa We are proud to express that iCE3X is a trusted local cryptocurrency exchange platform for South Africa

The Best Dogecoin Wallets of 2021 (Top 7 Options

• Ice3X reviews, customer feedback & support. Contact & review Ice3X - rated #33 in Othe Since the ICE3x management have abdicated their responsibility in managing the narrative around this issue, this page has been created as a hub for people to share strategies about the way forward and status updates around the problems we face with the failures at their exchange, says the welcome message on.
• g weeks (the lockdown is keeping us busy)
• In this article, we review iCE3X and provide a guide on how to use the platform. This review includes the origin of iCE3X, a platform overview, exchange fees, verification requirements, and frequently asked questions ; Quick Steps: Sign up at ICE3X Verify your identity Deposit Rand (ZAR) Buy Bitcoin (BTC) Bonus: You could get 50% off trading fees by using the coupon code: 6692FHKTRZY574Z.

Ice3x Exchange Review - Buy Bitcoin Worldwid

Nov 16, 2018 - Full Cardano review by iCE3X. What Charles Hoskinson says. PoS and it's future! ADA Ouroboros, and what is Cardano Roadmap? | iCE3X | South Afric iCE3X Exchange Review And Guide - BlockNewsAfric . iCE3X | 421 followers on LinkedIn. TRIED | TESTED | TRUSTED | iCE3 is a secure exchange platform where users can buy and sell Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin and various other altcoins with South African Rand and Nigerian Naira. We operate an open order book with real orders from real customers. We.

ICE3X - A bunch of fraudsters Ice3X on Hellopeter

Gareth Grobler is a digital currency entrepreneur and founded the cryptocurrency exchange iCE3X in 2013. He is a founding member of the UK Digital Currency Association. Gareth has over 15 years of experience in IT infrastructure and architecture development. He started iCE3X as a proof of concept and has been involved with other ventures including [ Ice3X Reviews Contact Ice3X - Other - 0 TrustIndex . Sub-Saharan Africa GDP growth is expected to go from 3.1% in 2019 to negative 1.6% in 2020 and 4.1% in 2021. Closing down their borders and economies quickly was a good move by key eCommerce territories like South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya. Other high growth countries like Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Ethiopia and Tanzania will grow.

ice3x.co.za Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic vs. altcointrader.co.za bitcoinhub.co.za bitcoinzar.co.za ice3x.com Welcome to Alexa's Site Overvie Xibio offers an overview of Ice3X cryptocurrency markets, ideal for tracking prices. View the current market prices side by side and see all the latest trades. This is an Un Official app based on information provided by Ice3x and the accuracy of the information provided is out of Xarex (Pty) Ltd. control. This App is provided for information. Welcome to the iCE3X Bitcoin Lightning Network 101 Foundation Course. We designed this course to give you an overall basic understanding of the Bitcoin Lightning Network. What is it? Who built it? Why did they design it in the first place and how does it work? We look at all of these important questions and more, at the end of this course you can be confident that you will know what the. Ice3x, which one of the oldest crypto exchange in that country, says it came to this decision after lawyers advised the firm to start liquidation proceedings. 'Extreme Pressure' In a statement sent to clients on April 6, the exchange claims it processed the withdrawals which have already been submitted and therefore, all withdrawals from the platform have been disabled दक्षिण अफ्रीका में बिटकॉइन कैसे खरीदें. 25.02.2021 Category: Bitcoin. यदि आप दक्षिण अफ्रीका में स्थित हैं और बीटीसी खरीदना चाहते हैं, तो यह गाइड आपके.

Apr 29, 2018 - iCE3X.co.za Blog Bitcoin, exchanges, services, information and opinions. We blog bitcoin related news in South Africa. | iCE3X 434 members in the BitcoinSouthAfrica community. Trade bitcoins with South Africans

Ice3x.com Reputation Review Write Review. Ice3x.com has No Rating Reputation Look Like a New Website. REFRESH DATA. Updated Jan 22 2021. TRUST RATING. Ice3x.com. Risk. Safe. No Rating. Very Poor. Poor. Unsatisfactory. Good. Excellent. Trust Rating is based on other people's experiences which provide you the helpful information to make an informed decision whether the website can be trusted.

A South African crypto exchange, Ice3x, suspended trading on its platform on March 16 after noting discrepancies in balances of bitcoin and litecoin held on the platform. At the time of writing, the exchange had not revealed the cause of the mismatches in balances or when it expects trading to resume. In the meantime, a [ Crypto exchange Ice3x in South Africa made an announcement earlier this month, that it will permanently cease operations. This revelation comes less than a month after the suspension of Bitcoin and litecoin withdrawals.Crypto exchange Ice3x is one of the oldest crypto exchanges in South Africa arrived at this conclusion on legal advice after the firm found irregularities in its Bitcoin and. Bitcoin Daily: South African Exchange ICE3X Closes. by btccryptonews. April 8, 2021.

5. Likes Received: 3. (1) The color of the train surface texture varies greatly depending on the angle of sunlight. (2) AI ICE3 runs with the passenger lights off. This phenomenon is even more strange at night. Since the passenger light is off by default, the light on the AI ICE3 train seems to be off. *AI train: a computer-controlled train This is a real review: Frontier does not have great customer service and no one is really connected. I tried to make a change - and did - through chat but they didn't tell me everything that would change (like losing channels all the while making me on a new contract when I was at the monthly payment point) and when I tried to call and talk to a person in customer service they said I had. Luno Review 2021: Pros, Cons, Fees, Features, and Safety. Luno is a bitcoin exchange and payment service operating in 40 countries across Europe and several developing and middle-income countries.

iCE3X Exchange Review And Guide - The Bitcoin New

• Share Tweet Share Share Share EmailSouth African cryptocurrency alternate ICE3X is closing down its operations virtually a month after suspendin
• A South African crypto exchange, Ice3x, suspended trading on its platform on March 16 after noting discrepancies in balances of bitcoin and litecoin held on South African Exchange Ice3x Suspends Trading After Noting Discrepancies in Balances of BTC and LTC - Exchanges Bitcoin News Read More �
• Ice3x, a South African crypto exchange halted trading on its platform on March 16th. This was after discovering differences in balances of bitcoin and litecoin held on the platform. At the time of writing, the cryptocurrency exchange had not figured the reason for the irregularities in balances or when business would go on as usual on its platform

ICE3X - South Africa Buy & Sell Bitcoin Cryptocurrency

• Ice3x exchange 24 hours trading volume is $0.000000 (0.000000 BTC). Ice3x is established in year N/A. This cryptocurrency exchange is located in South Afric
• Management of lunotriquetral instability: a review of the literature Show all authors. T. C. van de Grift 1. T. C. van de Grift . Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands See all articles by this author. Search Google Scholar for this author, M. J. P. F. Ritt 1 2. M. J. P. F. Ritt . Department of Plastic, Reconstructive.
• Forecast for Ice3x. 3 181.99. short term - ZAR. 453 142. long term - ZAR. 3 200.00. current - ZAR. Last update: 2 months ago. Comments by Disqus. Want to advertise here? The Coin Forecast network . Bitcoin Forecast. Litecoin Forecast. Altcoin Forecast. Comments powered by Disqus . Attribution. Market data from Ice3x.com. News from Google. Webdesign by Ripple. Built with Bootstrap. Disclaimer.
• Reviews Editors. Mit P. News. 27 South African Exchange Ice3x Suspends Trading After Noting Discrepancies in Balances of BTC and LTC . Posted On March 18, 2021 Terence Zimwara 0 0. SHARES. Share Tweet. A South African crypto exchange, Ice3x, suspended trading on its platform on March 16 after noting discrepancies in balances of bitcoin and litecoin held on the platform. At the time of writing.
• SA-based crypto exchange iCE3x posted an announcement on Tuesday that it had suspended all trading and deposits on the platform after discovering discrepancies in the balances pertaining to bitcoin and litecoin. An update posted on the website on Wednesday says the company is processing withdrawal requests on cryptocurrencies, with the exception of bitcoin and litecoin. [
• Interview: Central Banker Eugene Etsebeth Joins Crypto Exchange iCE3X The words central banker and cryptocurrency usually only come together in the investment and regulatory warnings these institutions issue from time to time. But like in the recording industry of the early 2000s, there are individuals holding senior positions who can see the future, and foresee [
• A South African crypto exchange, Ice3x, suspended trading on its platform on March 16 after noting discrepancies in balances of bitcoin and litecoin held on the platform. At the time of writing, the exchange had not revealed the cause of the mismatc

iCE3X has become the first cryptocurrency exchange in South Africa to launch native token in the form of Artificial Intelligence Coin (AIC) - a token developed by iCE3X, one of the oldest. ICE3X is a bitcoin exchange based in South ice3x bitcoin Africa You can buy bitcoin on iCE3X using the quick buy feature starting from 500 Rand (ZAR) or 15000 Naira (NGN). Find how to provide help in bitcoin out everything you need to know about ICE3X today in our review ICE3X calls for South Africa to help stem coronavirus. The exchange wants to fight the coronavirus pandemic head-on by mobilizing resources to provide toilet paper to the less privileged members in the City of Matlosana. ICEX is calling for the people of South Africa and the world to assist in scaling this noble initiative aimed at curtailing.